![]() MRFs create a network of auto- and cross-regulatory interactions between factors, which modulate expression levels. The process of progenitor muscle cell differentiation is controlled by myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs)-a group of transcription factors comprising Myf5, MyoD, MyoG, and MRF4. The cells with myogenic potential are known as myoblasts, and after they exit the cell cycle, a multinucleated myotube and myofiber form by fusion. Somites give rise to the dermomyotome, myotome, and sclerotome. Skeletal muscles are derived from somites, which are formed from the mesoderm. The study showed that the graphene oxide may be used as a niche for differentiating muscle cells, but the decisive influence on the maturation of muscle tissue, especially muscle contractions, depends on the complexity of the applied growth factors. It has been indicated that a small amount of CEME in media (about 1%) allows the culture of pseudo-tissue muscle capable of spontaneous contraction. The present results, for the first time, clearly demonstrated that the cultured tissue-like structure was capable of inducing contractions without externally applied impulses. Our results demonstrate that CEME, independent of the culture surface, was the main factor influencing the intense differentiation of muscle progenitor cells. Gene expression of myogenic regulatory genes was measured by Real-Time PCR. Cytotoxicity and viability of cells were measured by lactate dehydrogenase and Vybrant Cell Proliferation assays. Cell morphology and differentiation were observed using different microscopy methods. Muscle cells obtained from an 8-day-old chicken embryo limb bud were treated with GO and CEME. CEME was extracted on day 18 of embryogenesis. ![]() In this study, we evaluated whether graphene oxide (GO) nanofilm, chicken embryo muscle extract (CEME), and GO combined with CEME would affect the differentiation and functional maturation of muscle precursor cells, as well as the ability to spontaneously contract a pseudo-tissue muscle. Moreover, it seems that the use of a complex of complementary growth factors instead of a few strictly defined ones could increase the effectiveness of tissue maturation, including muscle tissue. ![]() The interaction between these factors, especially between the surface of the artificial niche and growth factors, is not entirely clear. It is known that the key factors determining tissue formation include cells, capable of proliferating and/or differentiating, a niche (surface) allowing their colonization and growth factors. Finding an effective muscle regeneration technique is a priority for regenerative medicine. ![]()
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